Fall equinox: Why the first day of fall isn’t as equal as you might think
By Forrest Brown, CNN
(CNN) — Twice a year, the sun doesn’t play favorites. Everyone on Earth is seemingly on equal status – at least when it comes to the amount of light and dark that they get.
On Saturday, we enter our second and final equinox of 2023. If you reside in the Northern Hemisphere, you know it as the fall equinox (or autumnal equinox). For people south of the equator, this equinox actually heralds the coming of spring.
Technically, your location on the globe also determines whether you mark the fall equinox this year on Saturday, September 23, or Friday, September 22. The bulk of the world’s population will experience the 2023 fall equinox on Saturday.
People close to the equator have roughly 12-hour days and 12-hour nights all year long. But hardy folks close to the poles, in places such as Alaska and the northern parts of Canada and Scandinavia, go through wild swings in the day/night ratio each year. They have long, dark winters and then have a summer solstice where night barely intrudes.
But during the equinox, everyone from pole to pole gets to enjoy a 12/12 split of day and night. Well, there’s just one rub – it isn’t as perfectly “equal” as you might have thought.
There’s a good explanation for why you don’t get precisely 12 hours of daylight on the equinox. More on that farther down in the article.
Here are the answers to some fall equinox questions:
Where does the word ‘equinox’ come from?
From the CNN Fast Facts file: The term equinox comes from the Latin word equinoxium, meaning “equality between day and night.”
Precisely when will the fall equinox happen?
The equinox will arrive at 6:50 a.m. UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) Saturday, September 23.
For people in places such as Toronto and Raleigh, North Carolina, that’s 2:50 a.m. local time. It comes at 1:50 a.m. in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and 12:50 a.m. for Mexico City.
Out West in San Diego and Vancouver, that means the fall equinox technically arrives a calendar day earlier at 11:50 p.m. Friday, September 22.
Going in the other direction across the Atlantic Ocean, residents of Barcelona and Berlin will officially mark the occasion at 8:50 a.m. Saturday. Traveling even farther east, Dubai marks the exact event at 10:50 a.m.
For residents of Bangkok, it’s 1:50 p.m. while Tokyo clocks in at 3:50 p.m. You can click here to input your city.
Is autumn equinox the official first day of fall?
Yes. Fall officially begins on the autumn equinox.
But there are actually two measures of the seasons: “the astronomical seasons” (which follow the arrivals of equinoxes and solstices) and what’s called the “meteorological seasons.”
Allison Chinchar, CNN meteorologist, explains the differences:
“Astronomical fall is essentially the time period from the autumnal equinox up to the winter solstice. Those dates can vary by a day or two each year,” she says.
“Meteorological fall is different … in that the dates never change and are based on climatological seasons rather than Earth’s angle relative to the sun. These are perhaps the seasons that more people are familiar with,” Chinchar says.
Meteorological seasons are defined as the following: March 1 to May 31 is spring; June 1 to August 31 is summer; September 1 to November 30 is autumn; and December 1 to February 28 is winter.
“This makes some dates tricky,” Chinchar says. “For example, December 10, most people would consider winter, but if you are using the astronomical calendar, technically that is still considered autumn because it is before the winter solstice.”
She said that “meteorologists and climatologists prefer to use the ‘meteorological calendar’ because not only do the dates not change – making it easy to remember – but also because it falls in line more with what people think traditional seasons are.”
Why does fall equinox happen?
The Earth rotates along an imaginary line that runs from North Pole to South Pole. It’s called the axis, and this rotation is what gives us day and night.
However, the axis tilts at 23.5 degrees, as NASA explains. That positions one hemisphere of the planet to get more sunlight than the other for half of the year’s orbit around the sun. This discrepancy in sunlight is what triggers the seasons.
The effect is at its maximum in late June and late December. Those are the solstices, and they have the most extreme differences between day and night, especially near the poles. (That’s why it stays light for so long each day during the summer in places such as Scandinavia.)
Since the summer solstice in June, days have been progressively becoming shorter in the Northern Hemisphere and the nights longer for the past three months. Welcome to fall equinox!
What did our ancestors know?
Long before the age of clocks, satellites and modern technology, our ancient ancestors knew a lot about the movement of the sun across the sky – enough to build massive monuments and temples that, among other purposes, served as giant calendars to mark the seasons.
Here are just a few of the sites associated with the equinox and the annual passage of the sun:
• Stonehenge (United Kingdom): Many mysteries about these giant slabs remain, but we do know they are aligned to mark the yearly passage of the sun.
• Megalithic Temples of Malta: These seven temples on the Mediterranean island are some of the earliest free-standing stone buildings in the world, going back 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. At Hagar Qim and Mnajdra temples, the semicircular chambers are aligned so that the rising sun on an equinox is framed between the stones.
• Chichén Itzá (Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico): El Castillo, the famous pyramid at Chichén Itzá, puts on a striking show on the equinoxes. Constructed by the Toltec-Maya people between 1050 and 1300, the pyramid was built to cast a shadow during equinoxes on the northern balustrade of El Castillo. It looks like the form of a snake slithering down the stairs, and the ancient special effect is heightened by the heads of sculpted beasts at the base.
• Jantar Mantar (New Delhi, India): Much more recent in origin (1724 and 1730), these buildings from the end of the Mughal period are astronomical observatories.
What are some fall equinox festivals and rituals?
All around the world, the fall equinox has weaved its way into our cultures and celebrations.
In Greek mythology, the fall equinox marks the return of the goddess Persephone to the underworld for three months, where she is reunited with her husband, Hades.
Harvest festivals In Great Britain had their roots in fall equinox since pagan times.
Chinese and Vietnamese people still celebrate the Harvest Moon (also known as the Mid-Autumn Festival). Lanterns line the streets as people give thanks, watch the moon and eat. Round pastries called mooncakes are a Mid-Autumn Festival favorite. It’s held on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month on the Chinese calendar. That’s Friday, September 29, in 2023.
In Japan, Autumnal Equinox Day is a national holiday. In Japanese, it’s known as Shubun no Hi (秋分の日), according to Coto Japanese Academy. The roots of the celebration are thought to go back to Shintoism and Buddhism.
So why isn’t the equinox exactly equal?
It turns out you get a little more daylight than darkness on the equinox, depending on where you are on the planet. How does that happen? The answer is complicated but fascinating.
The “nearly” equal hours of day and night are because of the complex way a sunrise is measured and the refraction of sunlight in our atmosphere.
This bending of light rays causes the sun to appear above the horizon when the actual position of the sun is below the horizon. The day is a bit longer at higher latitudes than at the equator because it takes the sun longer to rise and set the closer you get to the poles.
So on fall equinox, the length of day will vary a little depending on where you are. Here are a few breakdowns to give you an approximate idea:
• At the equator: About 12 hours and 6 minutes (Quito, Ecuador)
• At 30 degrees latitude: About 12 hours and 7 minutes (Cairo, Egypt)
• At 60 degrees latitude: About 12 hours and 12 minutes (Helsinki, Finland)
For the truly equal day/night split, you have to wait some days after the official equinox. That’s called the equilux. In 2023, the equilux will happen between September 25 and October 17, according to timeanddate.com, depending on your latitude. The closer you are to the equator, the later the date for the fall equilux.
And at the equator itself, the equilux never arrives because of that aforementioned atmospheric refraction of the sunlight. There’s always a little more daylight than darkness along that line.
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