Ricin Fast Facts
CNN Editorial Research
(CNN) — Here’s a look at ricin, a natural, highly toxic compound that is extracted from castor beans.
Facts
About one million tons of castor beans are processed every year, worldwide. Ricin is part of the waste from the beans when castor oil is made. Sometimes this is called “mash.”
Less than a pinpoint can kill a human if ingested, injected or inhaled. There is no known cure.
Ricin can be used in powder, pellet, mist or acid form.
If injected, ricin causes immediate death of the muscles and lymph nodes near the site of the injection. Failure of the major organs and death usually follow.
If ingested it causes nausea, vomiting and internal bleeding of the stomach and intestines, followed by failure of the liver, spleen and kidneys, and death by collapse of the circulatory system.
If a castor bean is swallowed whole without damage to the seed coat, it will probably pass harmlessly through the system. But if the coat is chewed or broken, then swallowed, the poison will enter the body.
Timeline (selected)
1978 – Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov is shot with a ricin-tipped dart fired from an umbrella while waiting for a bus in London. He dies four days later.
February 2, 2004 – Ricin is found in Senator Bill Frist’s mailroom in the Dirksen Senate office building.
February 3, 2004 – Law enforcement sources say that a letter addressed to the White House was intercepted in November 2003 after it was found to contain ricin. Ricin was also found in a letter in October 2003 at a postal handling facility in Greenville, South Carolina. The letter in Greenville was addressed to the Department of Transportation and demanded that changes in truckers’ sleep/work schedules not be implemented.
February 22, 2008 – A small amount of ricin and firearms are found in a Las Vegas hotel room.
March 1, 2008 – Roger Von Bergendorff, a California resident, is named as the occupant of the Las Vegas hotel room. Bergendorff had been rushed to the hospital on February 14 due to respiratory problems.
April 16, 2008 – Bergendorff is charged with possession of a biological toxin, possession of unregistered firearms and possession of firearms not identified by serial number.
April 28, 2008 – Thomas Tholen of Utah, Bergendorff’s cousin, pleads not guilty on charges he knew about the creation of ricin and did not report it. Investigators believe Bergendorff’s ricin was created in Tholen’s basement.
August 4, 2008 – Bergendorff pleads guilty to possession of a biological toxin and possession of unregistered firearms.
October 22, 2008 – Tholen receives two years’ probation and is ordered to pay a fine of $500 for knowing his cousin produced and carried ricin.
November 17, 2008 – Bergendorff is sentenced to three and a half years in federal prison and fined $7,500.
January 28, 2011 – Jeff Boyd Levenderis is arrested after a coffee can containing ricin is found in his foreclosed home in Coventry Township, Ohio. When the FBI questions Levenderis, he says the substance is ant poison, but later admits it is ricin that he made 10 years earlier.
February 1, 2011 – A federal grand jury indicts Levenderis on one count of possessing a biological toxin and one count of making false statements.
April 16, 2013 – An envelope addressed to Senator Roger Wicker of Mississippi tests positive for ricin at the US Capitol’s off-site mail facility.
April 17, 2013 – The Secret Service announces that a letter addressed to President Barack Obama, containing a “suspicious substance,” was intercepted at the White House’s off-site mail facility on April 16. Later in the day the FBI confirms that the letter tested positive for ricin.
April 17, 2013 – A law enforcement source tells CNN that the letters to Obama and Wicker contain the same language and read, “To see a wrong and not expose it, is to become a silent partner to its continuance.” Both letters are signed, “I am KC and I approve this message.”
April 17, 2013 – Lee County, Mississippi, Sheriff Jim Johnson says that a letter received by Judge Sadie Holland has notable similarities to letters sent to Obama and Wicker.
April 27, 2013 – James Everett Dutschke, of Tupelo, Mississippi, is arrested on suspicion of sending ricin-laced letters to Obama and others.
May 22, 2013 – Matthew Ryan Buquet is arrested in Spokane, Washington, and suspected of sending ricin-laced letters threatening federal Judge Fred Van Sickle. He is later found incompetent to stand trial. The case is dismissed without prejudice April 17, 2018.
May 29, 2013 – Officials intercept a letter sent to Obama that is similar to letters sent to New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and the group Mayors Against Illegal Guns. The letters are postmarked Shreveport, Louisiana, and are found to contain “very low concentrations” of ricin.
June 3, 2013 – Dutschke is indicted in the mailing of ricin-laced letters to Obama, Wicker and Holland. He later pleads guilty and is sentenced to 25 years in prison.
June 7, 2013 – Shannon Richardson, an actress who had a minor role in the TV series “The Walking Dead,” is arrested and charged in connection with ricin-tainted letters that were mailed to Obama and Bloomberg.
June 27, 2013 – Richardson is indicted for sending letters containing ricin to Obama and Bloomberg.
December 10, 2013 – Richardson pleads guilty to possession of a toxin for use as a weapon. She is later sentenced to 18 years in prison.
March 21, 2014 – Georgetown University student Daniel Harry Milzman is arrested and charged with possessing a biological toxin after admitting he made ricin in his dorm room. Milzman is later sentenced to one year and one day in prison.
June 4, 2014 – Levenderis is convicted of possessing ricin for use as a weapon and also possessing ricin and making false statements to FBI agents. He is later sentenced to six years in prison.
November 30, 2017 – Seventy-year-old Betty Miller is arrested and charged with unregistered possession of a select agent. Miller tells an FBI agent that she was making ricin in her home and testing its effectiveness on other residents of the Wake Robin continuing care retirement community.
May 18, 2018 – Miller pleads guilty to possessing ricin. She is sentenced September 6 to time served and five years probation and fined $10,000.
October 2, 2018 – Envelopes suspected of containing ricin are addressed to President Donald Trump and three top government officials, FBI Director Chris Wray, Secretary of Defense James Mattis and chief of naval operations Adm. John Richardson. The envelopes sent to the Pentagon are intercepted at the Pentagon mail facility and the envelope addressed to Trump never enters the White House.
October 3, 2018 – Navy veteran William Clyde Allen III is arrested on terrorist charges and confesses to sending the letters that tested positive for ricin to Trump and three government officials. Allen is later found incompetent to assist in his defense. Charges are dismissed without prejudice January 24, 2022.
September 2020 – A package containing ricin and addressed to Trump is intercepted mid-month, according to law enforcement officials. Similar packages were mailed to addresses in Texas. The address of the sender is St. Hubert, Quebec, Canada. Pascale Cecile Veronique Ferrier is arrested attempting to enter the United States from Canada. Similar packages were mailed to addresses in Texas. Ferrier pleads guilty on January 25, 2023 to sending the letters to Trump and eight Texas law enforcement officials. On August 17, 2023, Ferrier is sentenced to nearly 22 years in prison.
May 10, 2022 – Kevin Dean Jones pleads guilty in federal court to “unlawful possession of ricin, a biological toxin, and possessing two firearms as a convicted felon.” The Kissimmee, Florida, resident, charged December 30, 2021, planned to kill his former partner using a squirt gun laced with homemade ricin.
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